Acquired Dyslexia Essay Research Paper Acquired DyslexiaPresenters — страница 2

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deep dyslexia read semantically related words in place of the word they are trying to read (e.g. merry as “christmas”). Nouns are the easiest for these individuals to read, followed by adjectives then verbs. Function words present the greatest challenge (e.g. the & is). Those who suffer from this disorder also find it easier to read concrete words rather than abstract ones and are completely unable to read nonsense words aloud. Deep dyslexics are also usually impaired in their short-term verbal memory as well as in their writing. Individuals with deep dyslexia seem to have an instability of their “central” language component. A model of reading aloud came about as a result of evidence collected from studies on acquired dyslexia. This model shows evidence for a

parallel processing of language. The model is called the Dual Route Parallel Model. According to this model, two types of processing of the same input occur simultaneously over two different neural pathways. According to this model, reading is mediated by a Lexical Procedure, which is based on information acquired about the pronunciation of specific written words and a Non-Lexical Procedure, that is based on the general rules of pronunciation of a language. Individuals suffering from deep dyslexia have a dysfunction of the non-lexical route whereby the lexical route is still intact. Study Questions (1) Define and Exemplify Deep Dyslexia. (2) What is the Dual Route Parallel Model? How does this model tie into a deep dyslexic’s reading impairment? Answers (1) Deep Dyslexia is a

complex reading disorder caused by brain damage, in which the prominent symptom is the occupance of semantic errors in single word reading. There are five types of deep dyslexic errors which differ substantially from person to person. Adjectives and verbs present the greatest difficulty whereas nouns are the easiest to read. In most cases of deep dyslexia the patient has damage occurring in the left temporal- parietal area which may interfere with Wernick’s Area and in turn cause the dyslexia. (2) The Dual Route Parallel Model is one that describes a parallel processing of language. According to this model two types of processing of the same input occur all at once over two different neural pathways. Reading aloud is intervened by a lexical route and a non-lexical route.

Individuals suffering from deep dyslexia have a dysfunction of the non-lexical route which is defined as information acquired about the pronunciation of specific written words. The lexical route, is based on general rules of pronunciation of a language and the deep dyslexic patient still has this route intact. 3. Jeff Collins Acquired Visual Dyslexia Patterns of Paralexia: A Psycholinguistic Approach John C. Marshall and Freda Newcombe Visual Dyslexia is defined as a pathological reading difficulty caused by a visual impairment. Subtypes of Visual Dyslexia correspond to the specific nature of the impairment or in other words the nature of the impairment will dictate the sorts of errors encountered. Paralexia is a term used to classify the typical mistakes made by persons with

visual dyslexia. Examples include the ability to recognize individual letters but letters with visual similarity are confused (p,q), whole words are confused (apple, able). Reading consists of eye scans, scanning the world by making series of fixations and are connected by very fast eye movements called saccades. The visual system integrates images from these fixations to provide a wide-angled, high acuity, visually colored perception. A problem then with either scanning or within the fixation characteristic will produce deficits in the visual temporal processing. A patient was shown to produce errors that consistently involved the ends of words and never their beginning (Beware r Because) . This patient was shown to have a gross derangement of the normal pattern of scanning

movements and fixations in reading. Right hemisphere lesions have also been shown to disrupt performance on spatial tasks, reading in particular. The left hemisphere is thought to be responsible for the spatial adjustments of the eyes necessary for smooth pursuit and fixations and paralexic errors result from lesions of the left hemisphere. Visual confusion tends to be the general explanation of the errors encountered from dyslexic patients. Paralexic errors can be attributed to a dysfunction of the visual analysis system in the dual route parallel model of reading. Two explanation have been put forth to attempt and explain paralexic errors of visual dyslexic patients. The first is that they have a lack of effective inhibition to produce the wrong answer either at the letter